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Home » Opinion » Foreign Views
Repairing the banking system and killing zombie banks
By Benn Steil |
January 10, 2011, Monday
|
Print Edition
Print Edition
IMAGINE that you get in the shower, turn on the water, and nothing comes out.
You call a plumber, who tells you that there are holes in the pipes, and that it will cost you US$1,000 to repair it. You tell him to turn up the water pressure instead.
Sound sensible?
Well, this is the logic behind the United States Federal Reserve's second round of "quantitative easing" (QE2), its strategy to keep flooding the money pipes until credit starts flowing freely again from banks to businesses.
You wouldn't expect this to work in your shower, and there is little reason to expect it to work in the commercial lending market.
The credit-transmission mechanism in the US - and elsewhere - has been seriously damaged since 2007.
Small- and medium-size businesses in the US depend on small- and medium-size banks for access to vital credit, yet too many of these banks remain zombies, unable to lend because their balance sheets are littered with bad commercial and real-estate loans from the boom years.
The US Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) was an opportunity to force banks to disgorge bad assets - and thus repair the credit pipes.
Instead, banks were obliged only to take equity injections from the government, which they consider politically toxic.
As a result, the banks have been focused on returning the bailout funds at the earliest opportunity, rather than using them to boost lending.
The net result is that, even though the Fed has pushed its short-term lending rate down to zero, most banks will only lend on the basis of vastly greater collateral, and at much higher real interest rates, than before the bust.
Cheap option
So now America plows on with the cheap option: flood the pipes and see what comes out.
Make no mistake: something will come out, though not necessarily where it should. We have already seen the liquidity intended to boost US bank lending instead leak through the cracks into markets as diverse as agricultural commodities, metals, and poor-country debt.
What is remarkable about this is that some of QE2's most prominent cheerleaders actually think that wherever new demand shows up is fine and dandy. After all, it is only "aggregate demand" that matters to the Keynesian faithful. To worry about the composition of demand is silly; it only complicates the algebra.
Nobel prize-winning economist Paul Krugman, who berates the Fed for not opening the monetary sluice far wider, showed the follies of the crude Keynesian approach nearly a decade ago.
In August 2001, he wrote that, "The driving force behind the current slowdown is a plunge in business investment."
But, "to reflate the economy," he told us, "the Fed doesn't have to restore business investment; any kind of increase in demand will do."
In particular, "Housing, which is highly sensitive to interest rates, could help lead a recovery."
A year later, with the Fed not having moved aggressively enough for him, Krugman divined that "it needs soaring household spending to offset moribund business investment. And to do that it needs to create a housing bubble to replace the Nasdaq bubble."
Wish granted.
Crazy carousel
But neither the US nor the world can afford a sequel.
The outside world, which relies on the dollar as its primary trade vehicle and therefore reserve asset, cannot be expected to watch passively as dollars continue to pour into their currency, commodity, and asset markets, with no clear end in sight.
Europe, Germany in particular, has been highly critical of the US approach of placing its central bank at the center of its recovery strategy.
But the eurozone is doing the same. Consider the Irish bailout sorcery.
The Irish National Asset Management Agency (NAMA) was set up in 2009 to clean up Irish banks' balance sheets.
But it does this by giving the banks newly conjured government IOUs - not euros - in return for dodgy debt. The banks then dump the IOUs on the European Central Bank, which then provides the actual cash.
What is the logic of this crazy carousel?
For decades, the US and Europe lectured the world on the importance of cleaning house in the wake of a financial crisis: in particular, repairing or resolving zombie banks.
It is time to swallow our own medicine and resume the hard work of repairing our banking systems.
To rely instead on central banks to refloat the US and European economies is an abdication of responsibility that will cost us dearly in the future.
(Benn Steil is director of international economics at the Council on Foreign Relations and coauthor of "Money, Markets, and Sovereignty." Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2011. www.project-syndicate.org. Shanghai Daily condensed the article.)
You call a plumber, who tells you that there are holes in the pipes, and that it will cost you US$1,000 to repair it. You tell him to turn up the water pressure instead.
Sound sensible?
Well, this is the logic behind the United States Federal Reserve's second round of "quantitative easing" (QE2), its strategy to keep flooding the money pipes until credit starts flowing freely again from banks to businesses.
You wouldn't expect this to work in your shower, and there is little reason to expect it to work in the commercial lending market.
The credit-transmission mechanism in the US - and elsewhere - has been seriously damaged since 2007.
Small- and medium-size businesses in the US depend on small- and medium-size banks for access to vital credit, yet too many of these banks remain zombies, unable to lend because their balance sheets are littered with bad commercial and real-estate loans from the boom years.
The US Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) was an opportunity to force banks to disgorge bad assets - and thus repair the credit pipes.
Instead, banks were obliged only to take equity injections from the government, which they consider politically toxic.
As a result, the banks have been focused on returning the bailout funds at the earliest opportunity, rather than using them to boost lending.
The net result is that, even though the Fed has pushed its short-term lending rate down to zero, most banks will only lend on the basis of vastly greater collateral, and at much higher real interest rates, than before the bust.
Cheap option
So now America plows on with the cheap option: flood the pipes and see what comes out.
Make no mistake: something will come out, though not necessarily where it should. We have already seen the liquidity intended to boost US bank lending instead leak through the cracks into markets as diverse as agricultural commodities, metals, and poor-country debt.
What is remarkable about this is that some of QE2's most prominent cheerleaders actually think that wherever new demand shows up is fine and dandy. After all, it is only "aggregate demand" that matters to the Keynesian faithful. To worry about the composition of demand is silly; it only complicates the algebra.
Nobel prize-winning economist Paul Krugman, who berates the Fed for not opening the monetary sluice far wider, showed the follies of the crude Keynesian approach nearly a decade ago.
In August 2001, he wrote that, "The driving force behind the current slowdown is a plunge in business investment."
But, "to reflate the economy," he told us, "the Fed doesn't have to restore business investment; any kind of increase in demand will do."
In particular, "Housing, which is highly sensitive to interest rates, could help lead a recovery."
A year later, with the Fed not having moved aggressively enough for him, Krugman divined that "it needs soaring household spending to offset moribund business investment. And to do that it needs to create a housing bubble to replace the Nasdaq bubble."
Wish granted.
Crazy carousel
But neither the US nor the world can afford a sequel.
The outside world, which relies on the dollar as its primary trade vehicle and therefore reserve asset, cannot be expected to watch passively as dollars continue to pour into their currency, commodity, and asset markets, with no clear end in sight.
Europe, Germany in particular, has been highly critical of the US approach of placing its central bank at the center of its recovery strategy.
But the eurozone is doing the same. Consider the Irish bailout sorcery.
The Irish National Asset Management Agency (NAMA) was set up in 2009 to clean up Irish banks' balance sheets.
But it does this by giving the banks newly conjured government IOUs - not euros - in return for dodgy debt. The banks then dump the IOUs on the European Central Bank, which then provides the actual cash.
What is the logic of this crazy carousel?
For decades, the US and Europe lectured the world on the importance of cleaning house in the wake of a financial crisis: in particular, repairing or resolving zombie banks.
It is time to swallow our own medicine and resume the hard work of repairing our banking systems.
To rely instead on central banks to refloat the US and European economies is an abdication of responsibility that will cost us dearly in the future.
(Benn Steil is director of international economics at the Council on Foreign Relations and coauthor of "Money, Markets, and Sovereignty." Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2011. www.project-syndicate.org. Shanghai Daily condensed the article.)
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