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Oil price meltdown heralds new wave of destabilization
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AS the recent summit of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) suggests, the ceiling of oil production will not be lowered, despite great overcapacity.
What we are witnessing is not just a cyclical shift, but a new trend that heralds the demise of the petrodollar era in the Middle East.
After the 1945 Yalta Conference, which divided Europe, President Roosevelt’s subsequent meeting with Saudi King Abdel Aziz Ibn Saud led to an agreement, which required Washington to provide Saudi Arabia military security in exchange for secure access to supplies of oil.
That partnership was shaken in October 1973 by the OPEC’s oil embargo.
As the consequent tension led to fear that the dollar would become insignificant in the oil trade, President Nixon negotiated a deal in which Saudi Arabia would denominate all future oil sales in US dollars in exchange for protection from the US.
As other OPEC countries subsequently agreed to similar deals, global demand for US dollars was ensured.
However, since these dollars did not become part of the normal money supply, they were called petrodollars.
After hovering close to US$150 per barrel, oil price plunged to US$45 during the global crisis. With stimulus packages and recovery policies, the crude Brent price returned to almost US$130 by early 2011, but fell again to US$110 in the subsequent two years.
Causes of changes
These changes were fueled by the US shale revolution; slowing demand from China and other large emerging economies; rising costs of gas in several Asian economies that have been phasing out fuel subsidies; and particularly the rising dollar, which contributed to the halved oil prices in fall 2014.
The energy producers’ rivalry for market share came out in the open already in the OPEC Summit a year ago. As Saudi Arabia did not cut production on its own, oil prices plunged to sub-US$50 per barrel territory.
Only a month ago, the International Energy Agency reported that more cheap oil could cause the OPEC revenue to plunge from the US$1 trillion average in the past five years to US$550 billion. Officially, the group’s production ceiling is 30 million barrels a day; in practice, it has been over 32 billion in the past year-and-a-half.
Without participation by big producers outside OPEC, Saudi Arabia will not engage in production cuts. Riyadh believes a sharp oil price recovery could revive some US shale production, which would displace OPEC crude. Before the Summit, Brent crude closed at US$43, the lowest since 2009 amid the global crisis.
While some analysts expect a year-end rally to push the price climb to US$55-US$60 in the short-term, skeptics anticipate further price deterioration in 2016. That will harm oil exporters, but support large importers.
But there’s more ahead. The US dollar and oil have an inverse relationship. When dollar goes up, oil tends to come down. Moreover, oil is denominated in US dollar, which is intertwined with the Fed’s policy rate.
While emerging market currencies recently slumped to 15-year lows, Janet Yellen’s Fed is preparing to hike interest rates. That is bound to increase turbulence in emerging and developing economies, and particularly in those that depend on oil exports — from the Middle East and Africa to Asia and Americas.
Dr. Dan Steinbock is Research Director of International Business at India China and America Institute (USA) and Visiting Fellow at Shanghai Institutes for International Studies (China) and the EU Center (Singapore). Shanghai Daily condensed the article.
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