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October 9, 2015

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Scientist Tu gets her just rewards

THE time could not have been more hostile for Chinese scientists. Research came to a virtual halt and intellectuals were routinely persecuted, but Nobel Prize winner Tu Youyou, then a 39-year-old researcher, was summoned to join a secretive military project during the “cultural revolution (1966-76)” to find a cure for malaria for soldiers in North Vietnam.

“It was a task given by the government. When you are entrusted with an assignment, you do your best,” Tu said.

She did well. In 1971, she successfully extracted a substance from sweet wormwood that was an effective cure for the tropical disease and, 44 years later, received a Nobel Prize in medicine for it last week.

She is the first Chinese scientist to win a Nobel Prize in science for work done in China and the first Chinese woman to win any Nobel Prize.

The unusual circumstances aside, the isolation of the anti-malarial substance, artemisinin, like most scientific discoveries, resulted from a huge amount of trial and error, Tu said.

“Before I joined the team, lots of work was done but nothing was found,” said Tu, who had been trained in both Western and traditional Chinese medicine and joined the secret group, Project 523, in 1969.

Set up in 1967, the project aimed to find a cure for malaria in North Vietnam, which was at war with South Vietnam and the United States, and was losing its soldiers to the disease.

For two years, Tu and her team investigated hundreds of treatments for malaria mentioned in ancient texts. When the team moved to the sweet wormwood, they had to figure out what part of the plant and which stage of its growth might provide an active compound.

Attempts at extraction using hot water and ethanol were unsuccessful, but Tu drew inspiration from the fourth-century pharmacist Ge Hong, who suggested soaking a handful of wormwood in water and then drinking the juice to treat malaria.

“It occurred to me that high temperatures could have destroyed the (anti-malaria) activity,” said Tu, who switched to using ether at lower temperatures to extract the active ingredient.

That was a crucial step in eventually identifying artemisinin, say Louis Miller and Xinzhuan Su, two researchers at the US National Institutes of Health who grew curious about who should be credited with discovering artemisinin.

The two then delved into the history of the discovery and concluded Tu should get the major credit.

Tu brought the plant into the project, discovered the low-temperature method for extraction, conducted the first human trial, and was involved in determining its molecular structure, Su said of their findings.

“You can see a line, very clear, of her work from the beginning to the end,” Su said.

By then, Tu had been recognized in China as a discoverer of artemisinin, but usually as part of a team.

“All honor goes to the team, and such is China,” Tu said.

She appeared light-hearted about having been snubbed for membership by the prestigious Chinese Academy of Sciences.

While the public is celebrating her award, the international recognition comes as a slight to China’s science establishment, which excluded Tu from the elite circle of scientists, prompting the People’s Daily to question whether the induction process is fair.

“I don’t want to talk about it anymore,” Tu said.

“Let it be that I am not a member of the academy.”




 

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